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To achieve domestication requires seed gardens and fields, and the phenotyping of marama material from different locations. Molecular topics considered include next‐generation sequencing for developing molecular maps, genotyping by sequencing, identification of quantitative trait loci for important agronomic traits, protein quality, and incompatibility mechanisms. An international collaboration is analyzing aspects of the plant structure and physiology, molecular biology, and its interactions with environment with a view to developing marama as a crop, with a role in food security, that could be harvested by local communities. In this review, the different aspects of bringing a wild plant into cultivation are considered, together with the additional socioeconomic benefits of developing a breeding program. The seed is protein‐ and oil‐rich, with potential in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries while the tuber is high in carbohydrates. Marama has two potential units of economic yield, seed and tuber. Marama is a perennial, outcrossing hexaploid, growing under extreme conditions in a restricted geographic range only natural stands exist that are likely to be overexploited. Marama has long been recognized as a potential crop particularly for southern Africa, but coordinated, long‐term research and development has been lacking. This review considers the domestication of one such plant, marama bean (Tylosema esculentum). However, other wild‐growing legumes, called “orphan legumes,” with potential as crops, but are not yet cultivated would benefit from further attention. Marama has a huge potential to address the problem of malnutrition and hunger in the arid areas of Southern Africa, especially knowing that under climate change Africa will become drier and drier.Īdvances have been recently made in the breeding and characterization of three major legume crops of the semiarid tropics, chickpea, pigeon pea, and groundnut. The University of Namibia has been developing marama for its introduction as a crop alternative for dry lands of Namibia and the Kalahari sandy regions of Southern Africa and also as a response to climate change effects where crops such as maize and millets have been failing due to alternating floods and drought. These traits include early germination and number of seeds per pod. The process starts off selecting marama genotypes with superior traits. This article reviews the current body literature on marama bean, domestication of selected major legumes and lastly reports on the progress made in the initial attempts to domesticate this plant by local communities in Namibia. Unfortunately, harvesting in the wild is very extensive and random by local people with such intensity that some genotypes of marama bean are becoming endangered with extinction or have already become extinct. In addition it produces a edible tuber tht is rich in starch. Protein content is 30-39% (similar to soy bean) and oil content is 30-43%. Marama, which has not been domesticated, has a large tuber and pods containing 1-2 oil and protein-rich seeds with a nutritional value similar to soybean. In Namibia it grows wild mainly in Omaheke and Otjizondjupa regions. It is a staple food for the Khoisan and Bantu people from those areas. The conference in Africa and a new name more inclusive of sports by all Africans regardless their geographical location are the symbols of the 11th conference.Marama bean is indigenous to the dry parts of Southern Africa. This conference will be hosted for the first time in Africa under a new name “Sports Africa”. The theme for this year’s conference is “ Sporting Subalternities and Social Justice”.

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Over the last 10 editions of this conference, between 20, a variety of themes were addressed, including Youth, Gender, Health, Communication, Development, Politics, Globalization and Global South, bringing together sports scholars and practitioners from African, American and European Universities.Ĭontinuing this agenda to advance research and knowledge on “Sport in Africa”, the Institute of Reconciliation and Social Justice at the University of the Free State, South Africa in collaboration with Ohio University will host the 11th edition of “Sports Africa” Conference. In February 2004, the Ohio University hosted the first edition of ‘Sport in Africa’ Conference. Conferences 2017 Welcome to the 11 th Sports Africa Conference

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